白桦花芽蛋白质双向电泳技术的建立

目的:初步建立白桦花芽蛋白质组研究的双向电泳(2-DE)技术,以提高其分辨率及重复性。方法:以白桦花芽为实验材料,对关键环节如样品处理、上样量和染色方法等进行一系列优化。结果:蛋白上样量为50～60μg、银染剂中采用0.16%的AgNO3染色12min,即可获得蛋白点的形态规则、稳定性高、重复性好的2-DE图谱。结论:建立了适合多糖、醌类等次生代谢物质含量较多的白桦花芽蛋白提取方法,为开展白桦发育生物学研究奠定了基础。     

西南桦染色体加倍的影响因子初步研究

以西南桦种子无菌萌发小苗的顶芽为外植体,探讨秋水仙素的浓度、处理时间及预培养时间对西南桦染色体加倍的影响,初步建立西南桦染色体加倍的方法。结果表明,使西南桦染色体加倍的秋水仙素浓度以120 mg·L-1为宜;在秋水仙素加倍处理前,预培养10 d后再加倍15 d效果较好,此时得到的西南桦嵌合体较多。     

北京西北部山地两个垂直样带内主要植被类型的群落特征

样方数据是揭示植物群落物种组成和结构等群落特征的重要凭证,也是深入研究植物群落动态变化规律和植被志等植被专著编研的重要基础数据.前人对北京山地植物群落的研究工作多停留在文字描述阶段,缺乏附配翔实样方数据的凭证描述(任宪威等,1991;崔国发等,2000).仅有文字描述的文献限制了植物群落学研究成果在植被专著编研和群落动态研究中的应用.北京市喇叭沟门自然保护区和松山自然保护区是北京市自然植被保护最完好和生物多样性最丰富的两个地区,具有重要的生态屏障作用.量化描述这两个保护区内主要植物群落的组成和结构特征,对揭示北京乃至华北地区的植被特征、服务于生物多样性保育与管理等具有重要意义.我们在这两个自然保护区内设置了两条垂直样带,调查了样带中的主要植被类型,以样方数据为凭证,描述了主要植被类型的群落特征,为该地区植被研究提供基础数据.     

太白山红桦种子的萌发特性

 红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)广布于我国太白山中高海拔地区, 普遍存在着更新障碍。为了给红桦林的自然更新提供新的解释与证据, 我们对2 400粒红桦种子进行了去果皮观察并计数发芽率, 观察了红桦种子在不同光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) 和不同光照时间(强光照: PAR为 464.7 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1, 12 h·d^-1; 中光照: PAR为233.8 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1, 12 h·d^-1; 弱光 照: PAR为233.8 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1, 0.5 h·d^-1)、不同昼夜温差(25/20 ℃、20/15 ℃、15/10 ℃)和去果皮处理下的发芽率, 以及无光 照处理下的发芽率。此外, 还观察了种子在不同覆盖物(阔叶、针叶、针阔混合)和不同基质(土、沙)中以及在落叶(阔叶、针阔混合)中的发芽 率。红桦种子成熟时, 大约54.29%为饱满具活力的种子。种子在25/20 ℃的昼夜温差下发芽率最高, 而在15/10 ℃的昼夜温差下极少萌发。中 光照下, 种子发芽率略高于其它两种光照, 无光照则完全抑制了种子萌发。去果皮处理可促进其萌发, 各种覆盖物会导致种子发芽率下降。不 同的萌发基质对萌发无影响。以上结果暗示, 自然条件下太白山红桦种子的萌发将依赖于自然的扰动。     

景观可视化及其应用

介绍了景观可视化的概念,回顾了景观可视化的发展历程,然后介绍了景观要素,包括地形、植被、水、人工构件(建筑物、基础设施等)、动物(包括人)、大气和光的可视化表达方法,阐述了景观可视化在景观规划、景观变化、气候变化、城市景观、景观视觉影响评价和森林管理等方面的应用,最后提出了景观可视化的未来发展趋势.     

Establishment of Sweet Birch on Surface Mine Spoil as Influenced by Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Fertility

Induced mycorrhization of sweet birch (Betula lenta L.) by Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, as influenced by substrate fertility, was evaluated for its effects on seedling growth and physiology. Following a brief period in seed flats, seedlings were transplanted to mine spoil where they resided for 30 months, and three nutrition regimes were imposed throughout the study by application of differing nutrient solution concentrations. High fertility suppressed mycorrhizal formation by P. tinctorius but promoted that of other mycobionts. Pisolithus mycorrhization induced substantial aboveground and belowground growth as indicated by dimensions and mass for the former and mass and length for the latter but favoring root over shoot growth overall. Furthermore, these mycorrhizae were frequently able to compensate for the growth stimulation of higher nutrient additions. Measurements of xylem pressure potential and soil water potential indicated that water uptake was enhanced by P. tinctorius during simulated drought episodes of two durations and in subsequent recovery periods. Inoculated seedlings had higher foliar concentrations of critical nutrients, especially N, and lower concentrations of potentially phytotoxic metallic elements, particularly Mn, than uninoculated seedlings, although the latter response was absent in high fertility. Spoil analyses clearly revealed the influence of the nutrition regimes but also the effects of seedling uptake on substrate chemistry, and reinforced the findings of the foliar analysis concerning suppression of metal uptake by P. tinctorius. Collectively, these results suggest that P. tinctorius can provide sweet birch an array of physiological benefits that will permit this tree species to flourish on harsh substrates such as surface mine spoils without heavy application of chemical fertilizers.     

Changes in forest understorey vegetation in Norway related to long‐term soil acidification and climatic change

Question: Does the understorey vegetation of Norwegian boreal forests change in relation to broad‐scale, long‐term changes? Location: Norway. Methods: Permanently marked 1‐m² vegetation plots from 17 monitoring reference areas in forests dominated by Picea abies (11 areas, 620 plots) and Betula spp. (six areas, 300 plots) were analysed twice, at the start in 1988–1997 and 5 yr later (1993–2002). Species subplot frequency data were analysed separately for each area by univariate and multivariate statistical methods; 5‐yr changes in single species abundances, species number per plot and species composition were tested. Results: Two distinct patterns of change were found: 1. Abundance of several vascular plant species decreased in SE Norwegian Picea forests, most noticeably of species with a preference for richer soils, such as Oxalis acetosella. 2. Abundance of many bryophyte species as well as bryophyte species number per plot increased in forests of both types over most of Norway. Conclusions: The pattern of vascular plant changes is probably a time‐delayed response of long‐lived, mainly clonal, populations to acidified soils resulting from deposition of long‐distance airborne pollutants. The pattern bryophyte changes, with reference to the close link between climatic conditions for growth and abundance changes for Hylocomium splendens established in previous demographic studies, is related to climatic conditions favourable for bryophyte growth. We conclude that many forest understorey plants are sensitive indicators of environmental change, and that the concept used for intensive monitoring of Norwegian forests enables early detection of changes in vegetation brought about by broad‐scale, regional, impact factors.     

小兴安岭原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林土壤有机碳库比较研究

土壤有机碳含量是全球生态系统碳储量变化的重要指标之一,本研究以空间替代时间序列的方法,分别选取了小兴安岭地区原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林并测定土壤有机碳库、土壤全氮含量、土壤微生物量碳及土壤相关理化性质,结果表明,土壤有机碳含量(SOC)、土壤全氮含量(TN)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤含水率等指标随着土壤层的深度增加而逐渐减少最后趋于稳定,而土壤容重随着土壤层的加深而增大。在原始林中0~10和10~20cm层的SOC、TN含量差异不显著,而次生林则差异显著。原始阔叶红松林和枫桦次生林的土壤有机碳密度(SOCD)分别为21.46和21.3 kg·m^-2,差异不显著。原始林和次生林的平均有机碳含量分别为35.79,28.6 g·kg^-1,土壤全氮含量分别为2.86,1.83 g·kg^-1,枫桦次生林MBC与SOC的线性相关性高于原始林。结果表明原始林土壤肥力高于次生林,在今后次生林的管理中应适当混栽针叶树种,原始林中应适当间伐使地下碳储量增加。     

Spatial patterns of gene expression in the extramatrical mycelium and mycorrhizal root tips formed by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus in association with birch (Betula pendula) seedlings in soil microcosms

Functional compartmentation of the extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is considered important for the operation of ECM associations, although the molecular basis is poorly characterized. Global gene expression profiles of mycelium colonizing an ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) nutrient patch, rhizomorphs and ECM root tips of the Betula pendula-Paxillus involutus association were compared by cDNA microarray analysis. The expression profiles of rhizomorphs and nutrient patch mycelium were similar to each other but distinctly different from that of mycorrhizal tips. Statistical analyses revealed 337 of 1075 fungal genes differentially regulated among these three tissues. Clusters of genes exhibiting distinct expression patterns within specific tissues were identified. Genes implicated in the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) and urea cycles, and the provision of carbon skeletons for ammonium assimilation via beta-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, were highly expressed in rhizomorph and nutrient patch mycelium. Genes implicated in vesicular transport, cytoskeleton organization and morphogenesis and protein degradation were also differentially expressed. Differential expression of genes among the extramatrical mycelium and mycorrhizal tips indicates functional specialization of tissues forming ECM associations.     

Delayed induced responses of birch glandular trichomes and leaf surface lipophilic compounds to mechanical defoliation and simulated winter browsing

Changes in morphology and chemistry of leaf surface in response to herbivore damage may increase plant resistance to subsequent herbivore attack; however, there is lack of studies on induced responses of glandular trichomes and their exudates in woody plants and on effects of these changes on herbivores. We studied delayed induced responses in leaf surface traits of five clones of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) subjected to various types of mechanical defoliation and simulated winter browsing. Glandular trichome density and concentrations of the majority of surface lipophilic compounds increased in trees defoliated during the previous summer. This induced response was systemic, since control branches in branch defoliated trees responded to the treatments similarly to defoliated branches, but differently from control trees. In contrast to defoliation treatments, simulated winter browsing reduced glandular trichome density on the following summer and had fewer effects on individual surface lipophilic compounds. Moreover, constitutive density of glandular trichomes was negatively correlated with induced total amount of lipophilic compounds per trichome, indicating a trade-off between constitutive and induced resistance in silver birch. Induced changes in leaf surface traits had no significant effect on leaf damage by chewers, miners and gall mites, but increased susceptibility of birch trees to aphids. However, leaf damage by chewers, miners and gall mites in defoliated (but not in control) trees was correlated with concentrations of some fatty acids and triterpenoids, although the direction of relationships varied among herbivore species. This indicates that induction of surface lipophilic compounds may influence birch resistance to herbivores. Our study thus demonstrated both specificity of elicitation of induced responses of birch leaf surface traits by different types of damage and specificity of the effects of these responses on different types of herbivores.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.